Memorials

the escutcheon, or shield, carries the arms in the heraldic achievement

Alternate Names: coat of arms; heraldry

Getty ID: 300126352

words, texts, lettering, or symbols carved, inlaid, or painted on a memorial

Alternate Names: monogram

Getty ID: 300028702

copper-tin alloy; refers to a broad range of alloys of copper, specifically any non-ferrous alloy of copper, tin, and zinc or other trace metals in varying proportions from 70 to 95 percent copper in surviving ancient artifacts. Because of the copper base, bronze may be very malleable and easy to work. By the Middle Ages in Europe, it was recognized that using the metals in certain proportions could yield specific properties. Some modern bronzes contain no tin at all, substituting other metals such as aluminum, manganese, and even zinc. Historically, the term was used interchangeably with "latten." U.S. standard bronze is composed of 90% copper, 7% tin and 3% zinc. Ancient bronze alloys sometimes contained up to 14% tin.